Limitations and Progress of Hukou System Reform in China’s First-Tier Cities: Migrant Populations’ Service Demands and Policy Supply

Abstract

The Hukou system remains a major barrier to migrant integration in China’s first-tier cities, restricting access to education, healthcare, housing, and social security. While reforms have introduced points-based residency acquisition and expanded service access, they remain selective, favoring high-skilled professionals over low-income workers who sustain urban economies. Fiscal and political constraints further limit full Hukou liberalization, reinforcing social inequality. This study explores the progress and limitations of Hukou reforms, highlighting the need for policies that prioritize long-term residency, social security portability, and equitable urban welfare. A more inclusive Hukou system is essential for sustainable urbanization and social stability in China’s megacities.