The Right to Human Dignity in the Age of Artificial Intelligence: Addressing Emerging Forms of Algorithmic Discrimination Under International Human Rights Law

Abstract

The rapid development and deployment of artificial intelligence (AI) has transformed decision-making in employment, healthcare, education, finance, policing and public administration. While AI offers opportunities for efficiency and innovation, its reliance on algorithms and large datasets has created emerging forms of algorithmic discrimination that may undermine equality, autonomy and human dignity. This study examines the right to human dignity in the age of AI, focusing on addressing algorithmic discrimination under international human rights law. It considers discrimination arising from biased datasets, discriminatory proxies, automated profiling and opaque decision-making. Using a doctrinal legal research methodology, the study analyses relevant international and regional human rights instruments, scholarly literature and emerging AI governance frameworks. It finds that principles of equality, non-discrimination, human dignity, transparency, accountability and effective remedies provide a foundation for addressing algorithmic discrimination, but require progressive interpretation and stronger implementation. The study further finds that algorithmic discrimination may undermine dignity by reducing individuals to data profiles, statistical classifications or automated scores, while limiting their ability to understand and challenge decisions affecting their rights. It recommends stronger international standards, mandatory human-rights and algorithmic impact assessments, transparency and explainability, meaningful human oversight, effective remedies and stronger African regional standards on AI. The study concludes that AI development must remain human-centred and rights-respecting, ensuring that technological advancement does not compromise the inherent dignity and equal worth of every human being.